ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare etiological frequencies in patients of acute pancreatitis presenting to our setup with international data. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2020 to Jan 2022. Methodology: Patients over 12 years suffering from pancreatitis were recruited using a convenience sampling technique based upon predefined criteria for diagnosis of pancreatitis on a questionnaire. Relevant basic lab tests, including chemistries and imaging, including Ultrasound abdomen and CECT abdomen, were analyzed to establish aetiology. Data were continuously uploaded into an electronic data sheet. International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC) algorithms were applied to diagnose autoimmune pancreatitis. Results: Out of 120 patients, 74(61.7%) were males, and 46(38.3%) were females. Biliary pancreatitis was the most common aetiology 50(41.7%), followed in descending order by idiopathic 36(30%), drug-induced pancreatitis (DIP) 9(7.5%), Post ERCP Pancreatitis (PEP) 8(6.7%), tumours 5(4%), Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), Hypertriglyceridemia and alcohol-induced pancreatitis each 2(1.7%). Conclusion: Biliary pancreatitis has the highest frequency, followed by idiopathic and drug-induced pancreatitis.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT In the current pandemic of corona viral infection disease, 2019 (COVID-19), the acquiescence for infection prevention and control is necessary at all levels. Therefore, this review article was written with an objective to identify the evidence for infection prevention and control in order to contain COVID-19. In order to minimize the spread of COVID-19, there comes a dire need for taking all necessary measures at community and health care level. From community perspective and for general public awareness to adopt social distancing protocols, involvement of social medias can be helpful. While necessary measures are recommended to be taken in health care setting, for the safety of both the health care professionals (HCPs) and patients. Published evidence had emphasized mandatory wearing of personal protective equipments (PPEs). Amongst all PPEs, the focus for HCPs was to wear N95 mask, gloves, gowns, face shield and goggles. The use of good quality of personal protective equipment (PPEs) was emphasized. For patient's safety wearing of gloves and masks was also accentuated. Proper disinfection of health care settings is recommended to prevent the spread of infection. It is concluded that use of various infection prevention and control measures at community and health care settings are the mandatory steps to control the spread of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
The end of 2019 marked the start of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic from China, which went on to envelope more than 190 countries and territories across the globe. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), from a group of betacoronaviruses, is responsible for COVID-19. The virulent factors include the presence of envelope and spike proteins having receptor bonding domains (RBD). Clinical manifestations can range from mild respiratory infections to fatal outcomes. The viability of virus ranges from 3 to 72 hours. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the diagnostic test of choice in this pandemic situation. Due to the absence of specific antivirals and vaccine, adoption of preventive option can help to combat the specific life-threatening outcomes.